Preface and Acknowledgments --
Table of Cases --
Table of Statutes and Treaties --
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK --
1.1 A 'companion' for law --
1.2 When to read this book --
1.3 Coverage --
1.4 A 'critical' approach to public law --
Summary of Chapter 1 --
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM CONSTITUTION --
2.1 Introduction --
2.2 There is no single constitutional document --
2.3 Parliamentary sovereignty --
2.4 Membership of the European Union --
2.5 Parliamentary democracy and the absence of separation of powers --
2.6 Summary so far --
2.7 Constitutional conventions --
2.8 The unitary state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland --
2.9 Conclusion --
Summary of Chapter 2 --
3. GAP-FILLING: CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY --
3.1 Why an historical perspective is needed --
3.2 The need for caution --
3.3. English life in the 1600s --
3.4 The Glorious Revolution --
3.5 The 18th century --
3.6 The 19th century --
3.7 Pragmatism --
Summary of Chapter 3 --
4. WHO IS DICEY?
4.1 A biographical sketch --
4.2 How to read Dicey --
4.3 Summary of Law of the Constitution --
4.4 Dicey's early critic: Jennings --
4.5 Dicey today --
Summary of Chapter 4 --
5 POLITICAL THOUGHT FOR PUBLIC LAW STUDENTS --
5.1 The absence of political theory --
5.2 New theoretical writing --
5.3 How theory can help you --
5.4 A What is political theory? --
5.5 Political ideas generally --
5.6 Liberalism --
5.7 Conservative and paternalistic traditions --
5.8 Socialism --
5.9 Overview of recent writing on political thought by public lawyers --
5.10 Harlow and Rawlings: red, green and amber --
5.11 Loughlin's Public Law and Political Theory --
5.12 Craig's Public Law and Democracy in the UK and USA --
5.13 Overview --
Summary of Chapter 5 --
6. GAP-FILLING: 1979 AND ALL THAT --
6.1 What motivated the radical changes? --
6.2 Nationalised industries --
6.3 The privatisation policy --
6.4 Local government in the 1980s and 1990s --
6.5 Civil service reform porizno --
6.6 General overview --
Summary of Chapter 6 --
7. SOURCES OF PUBLIC LAW --
7.1 Sources of public law obligations --
7.2 Absence of any special 'constitutional' law --
7.3 Acts of Parliament --
7.4 Statutory instruments --
7.5 Quasi-legislation --
7.6 Prerogative powers --
7.7 Case law --
7.8 Conventions --
7.9 European Community law --
7.10 Academic literature etc --
7.11 Fitting it all together --
Summary of Chapter 7 --
8. THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY --
8.1 The community and the convention --
8.2 Origins and scope of the EC --
8.3 Handling Community law in a practical way --
8.4 Impact on the British constitution and administrative law --
Summary of Chapter 8 --
9 COMMISSIONERS FOR MALADMINISTRATION --
("OMBUDSMEN') --
9.1 Who are the ombudsmen? --
9.2 The statistics --
9.3 'Injustice as a consequence of maladministration' --
9.4 Scope of the ombudsmen's investigations --
9.5 The ombudsman process --
9.6 The Barlow Clowes affair --
9.7 The future for ombudsmen --
Summary of Chapter 9 --
10 JUDICIAL REVIEW PROCEDURES: LEAVE AND STANDING --
10.1 Why are court procedures important ? --
10.2 Procedures for whom? --
10.3 What is 'review'? --
10.4 Overview of the procedural nuts and bolts --
10.5 Form 86A as a framework for advising --
10.6 Which court? --
10.7The leave stage --
10.8 Who can apply for judicial review? --
Summary of Chapter 10 --
11. JUDICIAL REVIEW PROCEDURES: THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE DIVIDE --
11.1 Introduction --
11.2 The exclusivity principle --
11.3 Exceptions to the exclusivity principle --
11.4 Reform of the exclusivity principle --
11.5 Order 53 can only be used to challenge the validity of 'public law' decisions --
11.6 Public law decisions --
Summary of Chapter 11 --
12. INTRODUCTION TO THE GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW --
12.1 Introduction --
12.2 The grounds of review --
12.3 A caution --
12.4 The basis of the courts' power to intervene --
12.5 The traditional analysis: the ultra vires doctrine --
12.6 Problems with the traditional analysis --
12.7 A new theory of judicial review? --
Summary of Chapter 12 --
13. THE GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW I: ILLEGALITY --
13.1 Introduction --
13.2 Relevant and irrelevant considerations --
13.3 Improper purpose --
13.4 Fettering of discretion --
13.5 Delegation of discretion --
13.6 Errors of law and fact --
13.7 Are all errors of law reviewable? --
13.8 A practical approach to errors of law --
Summary of Chapter 13 --
14 THE GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW II: FAIR HEARINGS --
14.1 Introduction --
14.2 Terminology: a brief history --
14.3 A framework for thinking about the right to a fair hearing --
14.4 When is a fair hearing required? --
14.5 Restrictions on entitlement to a hearing --
14.6 Content of the fair hearing --
Summary of Chapter 14 --
15. THE GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW II: THE RULE AGAINST BIAS --
15.1 Introduction --
15.2 Bias and the appearance of bias --
15.3 The test for the appearance of bias --
15.4 Direct pecuniary interest --
15.5 Different manifestations of bias --
15.6 Ministerial bias --
15.7 Exceptions: when bias will not invalidate a decision --
Summary of Chapter 15 --
16. THE GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW II: THE DOCTRINE OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION --
16.1 Introduction --
16.2 The doctrine -
16.3 Distinguishing legitimate expectations from the right to a fair hearing --
16.4 Substantive protection of legitimate expectations? --
Summary of Chapter 16 --
17. GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW III: IRRATIONALITY --
17.1 Introduction --
17.2 Judicial review of the 'merits'? --
17.3 Wednesbury unreasonableness --
17.4 Irrationality --
17.5 Substantive principles of review? --
16. The doctrine of proportionality --
Summary of Chapter 17--
18. RESTRICTIONS ON REVIEW: OUSTER CLAUSES --
18.1 Introduction --
18.2 Two types of ouster clauses --
18.3 General principles; the courts --
18.4 Six week ouster clauses --
18.5 Total ouster clauses --
18.6 'Super-ouster clauses'? --
Summary of Chapter 18 --
Index.